Trading Forex Halal Apa Haram

Halal atau Haram kah Forex itu Apa itu Forex Foreign Exchange (Forex) atau dikenal sebagai valuta asing (valas) merupakan salah satu pilihan investasi yang berkembang di Indonesien saat ini. Forex Trading adalah transaksi perdagangan nilai tukar mata uang asing di pasar uang internasional. Yg tidak mengerti forex secara detail ato hanya mencoba-coba bisa kemungkinan besar mengatakan forex adalah judi. Hal lain bisa juga, ada yg verlust cukup besar saat bermain forex, padahal dia udah jadi trader selama 1 tahun, setelah itu dia kecewa dan mengatakan forex adalah judi. Apa yg membedakan jual beli saham di bank ato pada BEI dgn forex, salah satunya adalah tempat transaksi. Klo forex adalah judi, berarti silakan tutup saja BEI beserta saham penggerak ekonomi yg ada di Indonesien. Bagi anda yg mengatakan HARAM, ada 2 kemungkinan: 1. Anda tidak mengerti dalam berinvestasiberbisnis dan mentransaksikannya. 2. Anda tidak mempunyai MODALUANG Jadi untuk und y yg memiliki UANG. Silahkan mempelajari dan MENCOBA, Bagi anda yang mengatakan Halal ,, 1. Transaksisinya tidak tebak-tebakan karena transaksinya didasari dengan analisa teknikal dan fondamental 2. Pelakunya sebagai penjual dan pembeli (pedagang) 3. Ada perjanjian di awal transaksi dengan menandatangani aggreement FATWA MUI TENTANG PERDAGANGAN VALAS Fatwa Dewan Syari8217ah Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesien Nr .: 28DSN-MUIIII2002, Tentang Jual Beli Mata Uang (Al-Sharf). 8226 8220Firman Allah, QS. Al-Baqarah2: 275: 82208230Dan Allah telah menghalalkan jual beli dan mengharamkan riba82308221 8226 8220Hadis nabi riwayat al-baihaqi dan Ibnu Majah dari Abu Sa8217id al-Khudri. Rasulullah SAW bersabda, 8216Sesungguhnya jual beli itu hanya boleh dilakukan atas dasar kerelaan (antara kedua belah pihak) 8217 (HR. Al-baihaqi dan Ibnu Majah, dan dinilai shahih oleh Ibnu Hibban). 8226 8220Hadis Nabi Riwayat Muslim, Abu Daud, Tirmidzi, Nasa8217i, Dan Ibn Majah, Dengan teks Muslim dari 8216Ubadah bin Shamit, Nabi s. a.w bersabda: 8220 (Juallah) emas dengan emas, perak dengan perak, gandum dengan gandum. Sya8217ir dengan sya8217ir, kurma dengan kurma, dan garam dengan garam (denga syarat harus) sama dan sejenis serta secara tunai. Jika jenisnya berbeda, juallah sekehendakmu jika dilakukan secara tunai.8221 8226 8220Hadis Nabi riwayat Muslim, Tirmidzi, Nasa8217i, Abu Daud, Ibnu Majah, Dan Ahmad, Dari Umar bin Khattab, Nabi sah bersabda: 8220 (Jual-Beli) emas dengan perak adalah Riba kecuali (dilakukan) secara tunai.8221 8226 8220Hadis Nabi riwayat Muslim Dari Abu Sa8217id al-Khudri. Nabi sah bersabda: Janganlah kamu menjual emas dengan emas kecuali sama (nilainya) dan janganlah menambahkan sebagian atas sebagian yang lain janganlah menjual perak dengan perak kecuali sama (nilainya) dan janganlah menambahkan sebagaian atas sebagian yang lain dan janganlah menjual emas dan perak tersebut yang tidak Tunai dengan yang tunai. 8226 8220Hadis Nabi riwayat Muslim dari Bara8217 bin 8216Azib dan Zaid bin Ein rqam. Rasulullah sah melarang menjual perak dengan emas secara piutang (tidak tunai). 8226 8220Hadis Nabi riwayat Tirmidzi dari Amr bin Auf. Perjanjian dapat dilakukan di antara kaum muslimin, kecuali perjanjian yang mengharamkan yang halal atau menghalalkan yang haram dan kaum muslimin terikat dengan syarat-syarat mereka kecuali syarat yang mengharamkan yang halal atau menghalalkan yang haram.8221 MENIMBANG: 1. Bahwa dalam sejumlah kegiatan untuk memenuhi berbagai Keperluan, seringkali diperlukan transaksi jual-beli mata uang (al-sharf), baik antar mata uang sejenis maupun antar mata uang berlainan jenis. 2. Bahwa dalam 8216urf tijari (tradisi perdagangan) transaksi jual beli mata uang dikenal beberapa bentuk transaksi yang status hukumnya dalam pandang ajaran Islam berbeda antara satu bentuk dengan bentuk lain. 3. Bahwa Agar Kegiatan Transaksi Tersebut dilakukan sesuai dengan ajaran Islam, DSN memandang perlu menetapkan fatwa tentang al-Sharf untuk dijadikan pedoman MEMPERHATIKAN: 1. Surat dari pimpinah Einheit Usaha Syariah Bank BNI Nr. UUS2878 2. Pendapat Peserta Rapat Pleno Dewan Syari8217ah Nasional Pada Hari Kamis, Tanggal 14 Muharram 1423H 28 Maret 2002. MEMUTUSKAN Dewan Syari8217ah Nasional Menetapkan. FATWA TENTANG JUAL BELI MATA UANG (AL-SHARF). Pertama Ketentuan Umum Transaksi jual beli mata uang pada prinsipnya boleh dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut: 1. Tidak untuk spekulasi (untung-untungan). 2. Ada kebutuhan transaks atau untuk berjaga-jaga (simpanan). 3. Apabila transaksi dilakukan terhadap mata uang sejenis maka nilainya harus sama dan secara tunai (at-taqabudh). 4. Apabila berlainan jenis maka harus dilakukan dengan nilai tukar (kurs) yang berlaku pada saat transaksi dan secara tunai. Kedua Jenis-jenis transaksi Valuta Asing 1. Transaksi SPOT, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan valuta asing untuk penyerahan pada saat itu (über den Ladentisch) atau penyelesaiannya paling lambat dalam jangka waktu dua hari. Hukumnya adalah boleh, karena dianggap tunai, sedangkan waktu dua hari dianggap sebagai proses penyelesaian yang tidak bisa dihindari dan merupakan transaksi internasional. 2. Transaksi VORWÄRTS. Yaitu transaksi pem belian dan penjualan valas yang nilainya ditetapkan pada saat sekarang dan diberlakukan untuk waktu yang akan datang, antara 221524 jam sampai dengan satu tahun. Hukumnya adalah haram, karena harga yang digunakan adalah harga yang diperjanjikan (muwa8217adah) dan penyerahannya dilakukan di kemudian hari, padahal harga pada waktu penyerahan tersebut belum tentu sama dengan nilai yang disepakati, kecuali dilakukan dalam bentuk vorwärts vereinbarung untuk kebutuhan yang tidak dapat dihindari (lil Hajah). 3. Transaksi SWAP yaitu suatu kontrak pembelian atau penjualan valas dengan harga spot yang dikombinasikan dengan pembelian antara penjualan valas yang sama dengan harga vorwärts. Hukumnya haram, karena mengandung unsur maisir (spekulasi). 4. Transaksi OPTION yaitu kontrak untuk memperoleh hak dalam rangka membeli atau hak untuk menjual yang tidak harus dilakukan atas sejumlah Einheit valuta asing pada harga dan jangka waktu atau tanggal akhir tertentu. Hukumnya haram, karena mengandung unusru maisir (spekulasi). Ketiga Fatwa ini berlaku sejak tanggal ditetapkan, dengan ketentuan jika di kemudian hari ternyata terdapat kekeliruan, akan diubah dan disempurnakan sebagaimana mestinya. Ditetapkan di. Jakarta Tanggal 14 Muharram 1423 H 28 Maret 2002 M DEWAN SYARI8217AH NASIONAL MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIEN Saya memang baru saja mempelajari tentang dunia investasi melalui saham, indeks, forex, dan istilah2 lainnya yang sejenis. Tapi dengan sedikit membuka diri saja kita semua semestinya tahu, bahwa apapun sikap dan pandangan kita terhadap investasi indeksforex dan kawan2, dan meski kita tidak ikutan terjun di dalamnya, baik sedikit atau banyak proses transaksi yang ada di dalamnya bisa mempengaruhi pergerakan mata uang, pergerakan komoditas , Dan devisa negara kita Artinya handel indeksforex akan tetap berjalan dan bisa ikutan menghantam perekonomian negara kita dengan cara khas-nya sendiri. Kalo menurut saya (menurut saya loh.), Baiknya kita bagi2 tugas ajah. Buat Yang Pro Silahkan Teruskan Handel indeksforeknya dengan lebih serius dan profesional. Dan buat yang kontra Pilihan Ada di Tangan Anda, Dani Camers Pernah Denger Trading Forex om Afandi Kusuma Bolak Balik Jangan Ambil Sektor Nicht Riel (Nyerempet Haram) Dani Camers Saya Taya Apa Jawabnya apa Afandi Kusuma oh, jawabannya sudah Satu langkah lagi ke depan Dani Camers berarti pernah tw Om Afandi Kusuma itu diatas sdh di tulis bolak balik 13:20 Dani Camers lah, maksud dri non riel. Trus nyerempet haram itu apa om Afandi Kusuma ya Handel forex itu: paling tidak syubhat, kalau tidak mau dibilang haram Dani Camers syubhat iku apa Afandi Kusuma reparieren Handel, celana bekas, motor bekas, sandal bekas. Syubhat adalah sesuatu hal yang dirasa kurang jelas antara halal atau haram Dani Camers syubhat iku apa om kenapa kurag jelas, bukankah Allah selalu tegas dan jelas dalam menentukan sebuah perkara om Afandi Kusuma Dari an-Nu8217man bin Basyir ra berkata: Saya mendengar Rasulullah SAW bersabda: 8220Sesungguhnya Yang Halal Itu Jelas Dan Yang Haram Itupun Jelas Pula. Diantara kedua macam hal itu ada beberapahal yang syubhat (samar-samar). Sebagian besar manusia tidak dapat mengetahui dengan jelas apa-apa yang subhat itu Barangsiapa yang menjaga dirinya dari perkara syubhat, maka ia telah melepaskan dirinya dari melakukan sesuatu yang mencemarkan agama serta kehormatannya. Dan Barang siapa yang telah jatuh dalam perkara syubhat, maka bisa-bisa jatuhlah ia dalam keharaman, sebagaimana halnya seseorang penggembala yang menggembala di sekitar tempat yang terlarang, hampir saja ternaknya itu makan dari tempat larangan tadi. Ingatlah bahwasannya setiap raja itu memppunyai larangan-larangan. Ingatlah bahwasannya larangan-larangan Allah adalah apa-apa yang diharamkan oleh-Nya8221 (Muttafaq Alaih) Dani Camers jujur ​​om, kalau referensi nya Al-Quran sya langsung meng iyakan. Itu pun nanti perlu dibedah asbabun nudzul nya serta teks dan konteks nya kalau masalah hadist, di dalam sejarah di ceritakan bhwa Umar bin khatab di massa ke khalifahan nya membakar semua hadist agr Al-Quran yg suci tdk tertukar dengan hadist. Dri situ perlu amat sangat cermat utk mengetahui mana hadist shahih dan mana yg tdak Afandi Kusuma hadist itu mutawatir. Intinya kan mudah Kalau saat kita schließen dan untung, pasti ada yang rugi karena keuntungan kita itu Begin kan dalam jual beli forex itu Dani Camper loh, emang halal-haram logika nya se einfach itu ya om Afandi Kusuma ya .. makanya itu kalau masih ragu, berarti masuk syubhat sudah mata uang itu riba, jual belinya masuk judi lagi menurutku haram ausbessern Jual mobil, jual rumah, gitu aja aku barusan jual luft isi ulang galon, aku ambilkan dari depan rumah Dani Camper maaf om, aq mw tanya memang riba itu substansi nya gmn bank konvional itu haram gk trus substansi judi itu gmn memang forex itu judi yah Afandi Kusuma Fatwa MUI: Transaksi SWAP yaitu suatu kontrak pembelian atau penjualan valas dengan harga spot yang dikombinasikan dengan pembelian antara penjualan valas yang sama dengan harga vorwärts. Hukumnya haram, karena mengandung unsur maisir (spekulasi). 4. Transaksi OPTION yaitu kontrak untuk memperoleh hak dalam rangka membeli atau hak untuk menjual yang tidak harus dilakukan atas sejumlah Einheit valuta asing pada harga dan jangka waktu atau tanggal akhir tertentu. Hukumnya haram, karena mengandung unsur maisir (spekulasi). Dani Camers kita beli mangga apakah kita yakin manis di mall apakah boleh diincipi spekulasi, kalau memang logika nya se einfach itu krna di dunia ini gk da sesuatu yg gak spekulasi meskipun 0,000000001 persen Afandi Kusuma ya tidak apa kalau kamu mengqiaskan seperti itu .. Menurutku jauh beda ok, aku kasih tahu yang boleh (halal) untuk bisa dibandingkan dalam hal valas jual beli valas yang halal adalah dengan syarat tunai dan di tempat Dani Camers berarti jual beli online haram Afasi Kusuma kalau bukan valas boleh kredit dan boleh tidak ditempat Dani Camers kalau memakai legika jenengan yg diatas berarti kredit juga haram, kan swap Afandi Kusuma tidak. Beda urusannya Kalau soal karena spekulasi itu, menurut MUI, aku cuma copas saja Dani Camans Khan Ada Proses Biaya Inap uang Berarti Khan Swap om Afandi Kusuma Tapi Swap itu bukan yg dibisniskan Dani Camper hehehehe sya pribadi gak pernah percaya dengan yg namanya MUI konteks indonesien Afandi Kusuma ya Tdk masalah .. kalau mnurut saya, kita ambil pendapat orangbadan untuk kita ambil dalil dan logikanya .. bukan hanya taklit Dani Camers kalau menurut saya kita punya Al-Qran dan sunnah Rasul kita punya logika sehat kita gunakan itu, pendapat orag lain hnya referen sbgai Bahan pertimbangan Afandi Kusuma beli valas boleh dan halal hanya jika kita memang perlu valuta itu mungkin karena mau perjalanan luar negeri, bayar utk beli barang dari luar negeri dll. Bukan jual beli valas itu yang dibisniskan (Ini pendapat saya) apalagi dalam handel forex kita tahu, bahwa jika kita untung, pasti ada yang rugi karena keutungan kita itu. Bener tidak Dani Camers mkasih pendapatnya om untung rugi dalam hidup itu sebuah konskwensi, asal gk melanggar prinsip tauhid dan merusak masyarakat scara makroo Afandi Kusuma iya tentu saja. Dalam handel forex kita tahu, bahwa jika kita untung, pasti ada yang rugi karena keutungan kita itu. Bener tidak Dani Camers tergantung Trading forex melawan Markt atau melawan broker krn kalau melawan Markt itu semacam kompetisi keuangan dunia. Allah suka orag2 yang ber kompetisi dalam kemajuan dunia Afandi Kusuma ok. Aku cuma menyampaikan Kalau tidak mau dibilang haram, pasti syubhat handel forex itu Dani Camers loh, aq blum pengen berhenti diskusi om aq gk mw Allah melaknat q mkanya lagi seru2 nya cari kebenaran ini Afandi Kusuma sori, barusan aku tinggal beli makanan kucing coba kamu baca Al Quran tentang Riba, jual beli boleh, riba tdk boleh banyak orang mengatakan riba sama dengan jual beli masih dari Quran, sedekah boleh riba tidak boleh. Dari belajar ku, ke berbagai guru mengenai masalah ini Intinya, sektor riil halal, sektor non riil haram masihkah kita belum bisa melihat kenapa ekonomi Amerika ambruk. Yakni kapitalgewinn (menggelembungnya transaksi sektor non riil menyamakan riba dengan jual beli) Afandi Kusuma Orang-orang yang makan (mengambil) riba174 tidak dapat berdiri melainkan seperti berdirinya orang yang kemasukan syaitan lantaran (tekanan) penyakit gila175. Keadaan mereka yang demikian itu, adalah disebabkan mereka berkata (berpendapat), sesungguhnya jual beli itu sama dengan riba, padahal Allah telah menghalalkan jual beli dan mengharamkan riba. Orang-orang yang telah sampai kepadanya larangan dari Tuhannya, lalu terus berhenti (dari mengambil riba), maka baginya apa yang telah diambilnya dahulu176 (sebelum datang larangan) dan urusannya (terserah) kepada Allah. Orang yang kembali (mengambil riba), maka orang itu adalah penghuni-penghuni neraka mereka kekal di dalamnya. Afandi Kusuma (Q.2: 257). Ich bin ein Mädchentum, ein Mädchentum, ein Mädchentum, ein Mädchentier, ein Mädchensauge, ein Schatz, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, ein Schild, FATWA MUI TENTANG TRADING FOREX. Di luar sana berkembang juga pendapat yang bersebarangan dengan fatwa MUI ini di mana mereka tetap berpendirian pada bahwa Handel forex adalah HARAM dengan hujjahargumen yang mereka pegangi. Keputusan berpulang pada dan ada di Tangan Anda Selamat-Membran. Fatwa MUI Tentang Jual Beli Mata Uang (AL-SHARF) Pertanyaan Yang Pasti Ditanyakan Oleh Setiap Trader di Indonesien: 1. Apakah Trading Forex Haram 2. Apakah Trading Forex Halal 3. Apakah Trading Forex Diperbolehkan Dalam Agama Islam 4. Apakah SWAP itu Mari Kita Bahas dengan artikel yang pertama: Forex Dalam Hukum Islam Dalam bukunya Prof. Drs. Masjfuk Zuhdi yang berjudul MASAIL FIQHIYAH Kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Forex (Perdagangan Valas) diperbolehkan dalam hukum islam. Perdagangan valuta asing timbul karena adanya perdagangan barang-barang kebutuhankomoditi antar negara yang bersifat internasional. Perdagangan (Ekspor-Impor) ini tentu memerlukan alat bayar yaitu UANG yang masing-masing negara mempunyai ketentuan sendiri dan berbeda satu sama lainnya sesuai dengan penawaran dan permintaan diantara negara-negara tersebut sehingga timbul PERBANDINGAN NILAI MATA UANG antar negara. Perbandingan nilai mata uang antar negara terkumpul dalam suatu BURSA atau PASAR yang bersifat internasional dan terikat dalam suatu kesepakatan bersama yang saling menguntungkan. Nilai mata uang suatu negara dengan negara lainnya ini berubah (berfluktuasi) setiap saat sesuai Volumen permintaan dan penawarannya. Adanya Permintaan Dan Penawaran Inilah Yang Menimbulkan Transaksi Mata Uang. Yang secara nyata hanyalah tukar-menukar mata uang yang berbeda nilai. HUKUM ISLAM dalam TRANSAKSI VALAS 1. Ada Ijab-Qobul. --- gt Ada perjanjian untuk memberi dan menerima Penjual menyerahkan barang dan pembeli membayar tunai. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan lisan, tulisan dan utusan. Pembeli dan penjual mempunyai wewenang penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakantindakan hukum (dewasa dan berpikiran sehat) 2. Memenuhi syarat menjadi objek transaksi jual-beli yaitu: Suci barangnya (bukan najis) Dapat dimanfaatkan Dapat diserahterimakan Jelas barang dan harganya Dijual (dibeli) oleh pemiliknya sendiri Atau kuasanya atas izin pemiliknya Barang sudah berada ditangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan. Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa jual beli saham itu diperbolehkan dalam agama. Jangan Kamu Membeli ikan Dalam Luft, Karena Sesungguhnya Jual Beli Yang Demikian Itu Mengandung Penipuan. (Hadis Ahmad bin Hambal dan Al Baihaqi Dari Ibnu Masud) Jual Beli Barang Yang Tidak Di Tempel Transaksi Diperbolehkan Dengan Syarat Harus Diterangkan Sifatsifatnya Atau Ciri-Cirinya. Kemudian jika barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, maka sahlah jual belinya. Tetapi jika tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyar, artinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan jual belinya. Hal ini sesuai dengan hadis Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni dari Abu Hurairah: 8220Barang siapa yang membeli sesuatu yang ia tidak melihatnya, maka ia berhak khiyar jika ia telah melihatnya. Jual beli hasil tanam yang masih terpendam, seperti ketela, kentang, bawang dan sebagainya juga diperbolehkan, asal diberi contohnya, karena akan mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika harus mengeluarkan semua hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islam: 8220Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan.8221 Demikian juga jual beli barang-barang yang telah terbungkustertutup, seperti makanan kalengan, LPG, dan sebagainya, asalkam diberi etikett yang menerangkan isinya. Vide Sabiq, op. Cit. Hal 135. Mengenai teks kaidah hukum Islam tersebut di atas, Video Al Suyuthi, Al Ashbah wa al Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad, 1936 hal. 55. JUAL BELI VALUTA ASING DAN SAHAM Yang dimaksud dengan valuta asing adalah mata uang luar negeri seperi dolar Amerika, poundsterling Inggris, ringgit Malaysia dan sebagainya. Apabila antara negara terjadi perdagangan internasional maka tiap negara membutuhkan valuta asing untuk alat bayar luar negeri yang dalam dunia perdagangan krankheit devisa. Misalnya eksportir Indonesien akan memperoleh devisa dari hasil ekspornya, sebaliknya importir Indonesien memerlukan devisa untuk mengimpor dari luar negeri. Dengan demikian akan timbul penawaran dan perminataan di bursa valuta asing. Setiap negara berwenang penuh menetapkan kurs uangnya masing-masing (kurs adalah perbandingan nilai uangnya terhadap mata uang asing) misalnya 1 dolar Amerika Rp. 12.000 Namun kurs uang atau perbandingan nilai tukar setiap saat bisa berubah-ubah, tergantung pada kekuatan ekonomi negara masing-masing. (AWJ Tupanno, et al. Ekonomi dan Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbud 1982, hal 76-77) FATWA MUI TENTANG PERDAGANGAN VALAS Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesien Nr .: 28DSN-MUIIII2002 Tentang Jual Beli Mata Uang (Al-Schal) a. Bahwa dalam sejumlah kegiatan untuk memenuhi berbagai keperluan, seringkali diperlukan transaksi jual-beli mata uang (al-sharf), baik antar mata uang sejenis maupun antar mata uang berlainan jenis. B. Bahwa dalam urf tijari (tradisi perdagangan) transaksi jual beli mata uang dikenal beberapa bentuk transaksi yang status hukumnya dalam pandangan ajaran Islam berbeda antara satu bentuk dengan bentuk lain. C. Bahwa agar kegiatan transaksi tersebut dilakukan sesuai dengan ajaran Islam, DSN memandang perlu menetapkan fatwa tentang al-Sharf untuk dijadikan pedoman. 1. Firman Allah, QS. Al-Baqarah2: 275:. Dan Allah telah menghalalkan jual beli dan mengharamkan riba. 2. Hadis nabi riwayat al-Baihaqi dan Ibnu Majah dari Abu Said al-Khudri: Rasulullah SAW bersabda, Sesungguhnya jual beli itu hanya boleh dilakukan atas dasar kerelaan (antara kedua belah pihak) (HR. Albaihaqi dan Ibnu Majah, dan dinilai shahih oleh Ibnu Hibban). 3. Hadis Nabi Riwayat Muslim, Abu Daud, Tirmidzi, Nasai, Dan Ibn Majah, Dengan Teks Muslim Dari Ubadah Bin Shamit, Nabi sah Bersabda: (Juallah) Emas Dengan Emas, Perak Dengan Perak, Gandum Dengan Gandum, Syair Dengan Syair, Kurma Dengan kurma, dan garam dengan garam (denga syarat harus) sama dan sejenis serta secara tunai. Jika jenisnya berbeda, juallah sekehendakmu jika dilakukan secara tunai .. 4. Hadis Nabi riwayat Muslim, Tirmidzi, Nasai, Abu Daud, Ibnu Majah, Dan Ahmad, Dari Umar bin Khattab, Nabi sah Bersabda: (Jual-Beli) emas dengan perak adalah Riba kecuali (dilakukan) secara tunai. 5. Hadis Nabi riwayat Muslim Dari Abu Said al-Khudri, Nabi sah bersabda: Janganlah kamu menjual emas dengan emas kecuali sama (nilainya) dan janganlah menambahkan sebagian atas sebagian yang lain janganlah menjual perak dengan perak kecuali sama (nilainya) dan janganlah menambahkan sebagaian Atas sebagian yang lain dan janganlah menjual emas dan perak tersebut yang tidak tunai dengan yang tunai. 6. Hadis Nabi riwayat Muslim Dari Bara bin Azib dan Zaid bin Arqam. Rasulullah sah melarang menjual perak dengan emas secara piutang (tidak tunai). 7. Hadis Nabi riwayat Tirmidzi dari Amr bin Auf: Perjanjian dapat dilakukan di antara kaum muslimin, kecuali perjanjian yang mengharamkan yang halal atau menghalalkan yang haram dan kaum muslimin terikat dengan syarat-syarat mereka kecuali syarat yang mengharamkan yang halal atau menghalalkan yang haram. 8. Ijma. Ulama sepakat (ijma) bahwa akad al-sharf disyariatkan dengan syarat-syarat tertentu 1. Surat dari pimpinah Einheit Usaha Syariah Bank BNI Nr. UUS2878 2. Pendapat Peserta Rapat Pleno Dewan Syariah Nasional Pada Hari Kamis, Tanggal 14 Muharram 1423H 28 Maret 2002. Dewan Syariah Nasional Menetapkan. FATWA TENTANG JUAL BELI MATA UANG (AL-SHARF). Pertama Ketentuan Umum Transaksi jual beli mata uang pada prinsipnya boleh dengan ketentuan sebagai berikut: 1. Tidak untuk spekulasi (untung-untungan). 2. Ada kebutuhan transaksi atau untuk berjaga-jaga (simpanan). 3. Apabila transaksi dilakukan terhadap mata uang sejenis maka nilainya harus sama dan secara tunai (at-taqabudh). 4. Apabila berlainan jenis maka harus dilakukan dengan nilai tukar (kurs) yang berlaku pada saat transaksi dan secara tunai. Kedua Jenis-jenis transaksi Valuta Asing 1. Transaksi SPOT, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan valuta asing untuk penyerahan pada saat itu (über den Ladentisch) atau penyelesaiannya paling lambat dalam jangka waktu dua hari. Hukumnya adalah boleh, karena dianggap tunai, sedangkan waktu dua hari dianggap sebagai proses penyelesaian yang tidak bisa dihindari dan merupakan transaksi internasional. 2. Transaksi VORWÄRTS, yaitu transaksi pembelian dan penjualan valas yang nilainya ditetapkan pada saat sekarang dan diberlakukan untuk waktu yang akan datang, antara 2x24 jam sampai dengan satu tahun. Hukumnya adalah haram, karena harga yang digunakan adalah harga yang diperjanjikan (muwaadah) dan penyerahannya dilakukan di kemudian hari, padahal harga pada waktu penyerahan tersebut belum tentu sama dengan nilai yang disepakati, kecuali dilakukan dalam bentuk vorwärts vereinbarung untuk kebutuhan yang tidak dapat dihindari (lil Hajah) 3. Transaksi SWAP yaitu suatu kontrak pembelian atau penjualan valas dengan harga spot yang dikombinasikan dengan pembelian antara penjualan valas yang sama dengan harga vorwärts. Hukumnya haram, karena mengandung unsur maisir (spekulasi). 4. Transaksi OPTION yaitu kontrak untuk memperoleh hak dalam rangka membeli atau hak untuk menjual yang tidak harus dilakukan atas sejumlah Einheit valuta asing pada harga dan jangka waktu atau tanggal akhir tertentu. Hukumnya haram, karena mengandung unsur maisir (spekulasi). Ketiga Fatwa ini berlaku sejak tanggal ditetapkan, dengan ketentuan jika di kemudian hari ternyata terdapat kekeliruan, akan diubah dan disempurnakan sebagaimana mestinya. Ditetapkan di. Jakarta Tanggal 14 Muharram 1423 H 28 Maret 2002 M DEWAN SYARIAH NASIONAL - MAJELIS ULAMA INDONESIEN Tulisan lain yang menguatkan adalah sebagaimana ditulis oleh Dr. Mohammed Obaidullah di bawah ini tentang ISLAMIC FOREX TRADING. 1. Die grundlegenden Austauschkontrakte Es besteht ein allgemeiner Konsens zwischen islamischen Juristen, dass Währungen verschiedener Länder an einer Stelle mit einer anderen Rate als der Einheit ausgetauscht werden können, da Währungen verschiedener Länder unterschiedliche Einheiten mit unterschiedlichen Werten oder intrinsischen Wert sind , Und Kaufkraft. Es scheint auch eine allgemeine Vereinbarung unter einer Mehrheit der Gelehrten zu sehen, dass eine Devisenbörse auf einer Forward-Basis nicht zulässig ist, dh wenn sich die Rechte und Pflichten beider Parteien auf ein zukünftiges Datum beziehen. Allerdings gibt es bei den Juristen eine beträchtliche Meinungsverschiedenheit, wenn die Rechte einer der Parteien, die der Verpflichtung der Gegenpartei entspricht, auf ein zukünftiges Datum verschoben wird. Um zu erarbeiten, betrachten wir das Beispiel von zwei Individuen A und B, die zu zwei verschiedenen Ländern, Indien und den USA gehören. A beabsichtigt, indische Rupien zu verkaufen und U. S-Dollar zu kaufen. Das Gegenteil ist für B wahr. Der Rup-Dollar-Wechselkurs, der vereinbart wurde, ist 1:20 und die Transaktion beinhaltet den Kauf und Verkauf von 50. Die erste Situation ist, dass A eine Spotzahlung von Rs1000 nach B macht und die Zahlung von 50 von B akzeptiert Die Transaktion wird von beiden Seiten an Ort und Stelle abgewickelt. Solche Transaktionen sind gültig und islamisch zulässig. Es gibt keine zwei Meinungen über das gleiche. Die zweite Möglichkeit ist, dass die Abwicklung der Transaktion von beiden Enden auf ein zukünftiges Datum verschoben wird, sagen wir nach sechs Monaten ab sofort. Dies bedeutet, dass sowohl A als auch B nach sechs Monaten die Zahlung von Rs1000 oder 50 annehmen und akzeptieren würden. Die vorherrschende Ansicht ist, dass ein solcher Vertrag nicht islamisch zulässig ist Eine Minderheit betrachtet es für zulässig. Das dritte Szenario ist, dass die Transaktion teilweise nur von einem Ende abgewickelt wird. Zum Beispiel macht A eine Zahlung von Rs1000 jetzt an B anstelle eines Versprechens von B, um ihm nach sechs Monaten 50 zu zahlen. Alternativ akzeptiert A jetzt 50 von B und verspricht, Rs1000 zu ihm nach sechs Monaten zu zahlen. Es gibt diametral gegenüberliegende Ansichten über die Zulässigkeit solcher Verträge, die in Währungen bai-salam sind. Der Zweck dieser Arbeit ist es, eine umfassende Analyse der verschiedenen Argumente zur Unterstützung und gegen die Zulässigkeit dieser Grundverträge mit Währungen vorzulegen. Die erste Form der Vertragsvergabe mit dem Austausch von Gegenwerten auf der Stelle ist jenseits aller Kontroversen. Zulässigkeit oder anderweitig der zweite Art des Vertrages, bei dem die Lieferung eines der Gegenwerte auf ein zukünftiges Datum verschoben wird, wird im Rahmen des Riba-Verbots allgemein erörtert. Dementsprechend besprechen wir diesen Vertrag ausführlich in Abschnitt 2, der sich mit der Frage des Verbots von Riba beschäftigt. Die Zulässigkeit der dritten Vertragsform, in der die Lieferung der beiden Gegenwerte abgegrenzt wird, wird im Rahmen der Verringerung von Risiken und Unsicherheiten oder Gharar, die an solchen Verträgen beteiligt sind, allgemein erörtert. Dies ist also das zentrale Thema von Abschnitt 3, der sich mit der Frage von gharar beschäftigt. Abschnitt 4 versucht eine ganzheitliche Sicht auf die Scharia bezieht sich auf Fragen wie auch die ökonomische Bedeutung der Grundformen des Vertrags auf dem Devisenmarkt. 2. Die Frage des Riba-Verbots Die Divergenz der Ansichten1 über die Zulässigkeit oder sonstige Wechselkontrakte in Währungen kann in erster Linie auf die Frage des Riba-Verbots zurückgeführt werden. Die Notwendigkeit, Riba in allen Formen von Devisenverträgen zu beseitigen, ist von größter Bedeutung. Riba in seinem Scharia-Kontext wird allgemein als ein rechtswidriger Gewinn definiert, der aus der quantitativen Ungleichheit der Gegenwerte in einer Transaktion abgeleitet wird, die den Austausch von zwei oder mehr Arten (anwa) bewirkt, die zu derselben Gattung gehören (jins) und regiert werden Die gleiche effiziente Ursache (illa). Riba wird allgemein in Riba al-Fadl (Überschuss) und Riba al-Nasia (Deferment) klassifiziert, die einen unzulässigen Vorteil durch Über - oder Aufschiebung bezeichnen. Das Verbot des ersteren wird durch eine Bestimmung erreicht, dass der Wechselkurs zwischen den Objekten Einheit ist und kein Gewinn für jede Partei zulässig ist. Die letztere Art von Riba ist verboten, indem sie die aufgeschobene Abwicklung nicht zulässt und dafür sorgt, dass die Transaktion von beiden Parteien an Ort und Stelle abgerechnet wird. Eine andere Form von Riba heißt Riba al-jahiliyya oder vor-islamischen Riba, die Oberflächen, wenn der Kreditgeber fragt den Kreditnehmer am Fälligkeitstag, wenn diese würde die Schulden begleichen oder erhöhen die gleiche. Die Zunahme wird begleitet von der Zinszahlung auf den ursprünglich ausgeliehenen Betrag. Das Verbot von Riba im Austausch von Währungen, die zu verschiedenen Ländern gehören, erfordert einen Analogisierungsprozeß (qiyas). Und in einer solchen Übung mit Analogie (qiyas) spielt eine effiziente Ursache (illa) eine äußerst wichtige Rolle. Es ist eine gemeinsame, effiziente Ursache (illa), die den Gegenstand der Analogie mit ihrem Subjekt in der Ausübung des analogen Denkens verbindet. Die angemessene effiziente Ursache (illa) im Falle von Devisentermingeschäften wurde von den Hauptschulen von Fiqh unterschiedlich definiert. Dieser Unterschied spiegelt sich in der analogen Argumentation für Papierwährungen, die zu verschiedenen Ländern gehören. Eine Frage von beträchtlicher Bedeutung im Prozeß der analogen Vernunft bezieht sich auf den Vergleich zwischen Papierwährungen mit Gold und Silber. In den frühen Tagen des Islam, Gold und Silber durchgeführt alle Funktionen des Geldes (Thaman). Währungen wurden aus Gold und Silber mit einem bekannten intrinsischen Wert (Quantum von Gold oder Silber in ihnen enthalten) gemacht. Solche Währungen werden als Thaman haqiqi oder naqdain in Fiqh Literatur beschrieben. Diese waren allgemein als Hauptmittel des Austausches akzeptabel, was einen großen Teil der Transaktionen ausmachte. Viele andere Rohstoffe, wie z. B. verschiedene minderwertige Metalle dienten auch als Austauschmittel, aber mit eingeschränkter Akzeptanz. Diese werden in der Fiqh-Literatur als fals beschrieben. Diese sind auch bekannt als thaman istalahi wegen der Tatsache, dass ihre Akzeptanz nicht aus ihrem intrinsischen Wert, sondern aufgrund der Status, der von der Gesellschaft während einer bestimmten Zeitspanne gegeben wird. Die beiden oben genannten Währungsformen wurden von den frühen islamischen Juristen vom Standpunkt der Zulässigkeit der Verträge, die sie betreffen, sehr unterschiedlich behandelt. Die Frage, die gelöst werden muss, ist, ob die gegenwärtigen Alterspapierwährungen unter die ehemalige Kategorie oder die letzteren fallen. Eine Ansicht ist, dass diese mit thaman haqiqi oder Gold und Silber behandelt werden sollten, da diese als das wichtigste Mittel des Austausches und der Rechnungseinheit wie die letzteren dienen. Hence, by analogous reasoning, all the Sharia-related norms and injunctions applicable to thaman haqiqi should also be applicable to paper currency. Exchange of thaman haqiqi is known as bai-sarf, and hence, the transactions in paper currencies should be governed by the Sharia rules relevant for bai-sarf. The contrary view asserts that paper currencies should be treated in a manner similar to fals or thaman istalahi because of the fact that their face value is different from their intrinsic worth. Their acceptability stems from their legal status within the domestic country or global economic importance (as in case of US dollars, for instance). 2.1. A Synthesis of Alternative Views 2.1.1. Analogical Reasoning (Qiyas) for Riba Prohibition The prohibition of riba is based on the tradition that the holy prophet (peace be upon him) said, Sell gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, date for date, salt for salt, in same quantities on the spot and when the commodities are different, sell as it suits you, but on the spot. Thus, the prohibition of riba applies primarily to the two precious metals (gold and silver) and four other commodities (wheat, barley, dates and salt). It also applies, by analogy (qiyas) to all species which are governed by the same efficient cause (illa) or which belong to any one of the genera of the six objects cited in the tradition. However, there is no general agreement among the various schools of Fiqh and even scholars belonging to the same school on the definition and identification of efficient cause (illa) of riba. For the Hanafis, efficient cause (illa) of riba has two dimensions: the exchanged articles belong to the same genus (jins) these possess weight (wazan) or measurability (kiliyya). If in a given exchange, both the elements of efficient cause (illa) are present, that is, the exchanged countervalues belong to the same genus (jins) and are all weighable or all measurable, then no gain is permissible (the exchange rate must be equal to unity) and the exchange must be on a spot basis. In case of gold and silver, the two elements of efficient cause (illa) are: unity of genus (jins) and weighability. This is also the Hanbali view according to one version3. (A different version is similar to the Shafii and Maliki view, as discussed below.) Thus, when gold is exchanged for gold, or silver is exchanged for silver, only spot transactions without any gain are permissible. It is also possible that in a given exchange, one of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) is present and the other is absent. For example, if the exchanged articles are all weighable or measurable but belong to different genus (jins) or, if the exchanged articles belong to same genus (jins) but neither is weighable nor measurable, then exchange with gain (at a rate different from unity) is permissible, but the exchange must be on a spot basis. Thus, when gold is exchanged for silver, the rate can be different from unity but no deferred settlement is permissible. If none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba are present in a given exchange, then none of the injunctions for riba prohibition apply. Exchange can take place with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis. Considering the case of exchange involving paper currencies belonging to different countries, riba prohibition would require a search for efficient cause (illa). Currencies belonging to different countries are clearly distinct entities these are legal tender within specific geographical boundaries with different intrinsic worth or purchasing power. Hence, a large majority of scholars perhaps rightly assert that there is no unity of genus (jins). Additionally, these are neither weighable nor measurable. This leads to a direct conclusion that none of the two elements of efficient cause (illa) of riba exist in such exchange. Hence, the exchange can take place free from any injunction regarding the rate of exchange and the manner of settlement. The logic underlying this position is not difficult to comprehend. The intrinsic worth of paper currencies belonging to different countries differ as these have different purchasing power. Additionally, the intrinsic value or worth of paper currencies cannot be identified or assessed unlike gold and silver which can be weighed. Hence, neither the presence of riba al-fadl (by excess), nor riba al-nasia (by deferment) can be established. The Shafii school of Fiqh considers the efficient cause (illa) in case of gold and silver to be their property of being currency (thamaniyya) or the medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. This is also the Maliki view. According to one version of this view, even if paper or leather is made the medium of exchange and is given the status of currency, then all the rules pertaining to naqdain, or gold and silver apply to them. Thus, according to this version, exchange involving currencies of different countries at a rate different from unity is permissible, but must be settled on a spot basis. Another version of the above two schools of thought is that the above cited efficient cause (illa) of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific to gold and silver, and cannot be generalized. That is, any other object, if used as a medium of exchange, cannot be included in their category. Hence, according to this version, the Sharia injunctions for riba prohibition are not applicable to paper currencies. Currencies belonging to different countries can be exchanged with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis. Proponents of the earlier version cite the case of exchange of paper currencies belonging to the same country in defense of their version. The consensus opinion of jurists in this case is that such exchange must be without any gain or at a rate equal to unity and must be settled on a spot basis. What is the rationale underlying the above decision If one considers the Hanafi and the first version of Hanbali position then, in this case, only one dimension of the efficient cause (illa) is present, that is, they belong to the same genus (jins). But paper currencies are neither weighable nor measurable. Hence, Hanafi law would apparently permit exchange of different quantities of the same currency on a spot basis. Similarly if the efficient cause of being currency (thamaniyya) is specific only to gold and silver, then Shafii and Maliki law would also permit the same. Needless to say, this amounts to permitting riba-based borrowing and lending. This shows that, it is the first version of the Shafii and Maliki thought which underlies the consensus decision of prohibition of gain and deferred settlement in case of exchange of currencies belonging to the same country. According to the proponents, extending this logic to exchange of currencies of different countries would imply that exchange with gain or at a rate different from unity is permissible (since there no unity of jins), but settlement must be on a spot basis. 2.1.2 Comparison between Currency Exchange and Bai-Sarf Bai-sarf is defined in Fiqh literature as an exchange involving thaman haqiqi, defined as gold and silver, which served as the principal medium of exchange for almost all major transactions. Proponents of the view that any exchange of currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf argue that in the present age paper currencies have effectively and completely replaced gold and silver as the medium of exchange. Hence, by analogy, exchange involving such currencies should be governed by the same Sharia rules and injunctions as bai-sarf. It is also argued that if deferred settlement by either parties to the contract is permitted, this would open the possibilities of riba-al nasia. Opponents of categorization of currency exchange with bai-sarf however point out that the exchange of all forms of currency (thaman) cannot be termed as bai-sarf. According to this view bai-sarf implies exchange of currencies made of gold and silver (thaman haqiqi or naqdain) alone and not of money pronounced as such by the state authorities (thaman istalahi). The present age currencies are examples of the latter kind. These scholars find support in those writings which assert that if the commodities of exchange are not gold or silver, (even if one of these is gold or silver) then, the exchange cannot be termed as bai-sarf. Nor would the stipulations regarding bai-sarf be applicable to such exchanges. According to Imam Sarakhsi4 when an individual purchases fals or coins made out of inferior metals, such as, copper (thaman istalahi) for dirhams (thaman haqiqi) and makes a spot payment of the latter, but the seller does not have fals at that moment, then such exchange is permissible. taking possession of commodities exchanged by both parties is not a precondition (while in case of bai-sarf, it is.) A number of similar references exist which indicate that jurists do not classify an exchange of fals (thaman istalahi) for another fals (thaman istalahi) or gold or silver (thaman haqiqi), as bai-sarf. Hence, the exchanges of currencies of two different countries which can only qualify as thaman istalahi can not be categorized as bai-sarf. Nor can the constraint regarding spot settlement be imposed on such transactions. It should be noted here that the definition of bai-sarf is provided Fiqh literature and there is no mention of the same in the holy traditions. The traditions mention about riba, and the sale and purchase of gold and silver (naqdain) which may be a major source of riba, is described as bai-sarf by the Islamic jurists. It should also be noted that in Fiqh literature, bai-sarf implies exchange of gold or silver only whether these are currently being used as medium of exchange or not. Exchange involving dinars and gold ornaments, both quality as bai-sarf. Various jurists have sought to clarify this point and have defined sarf as that exchange in which both the commodities exchanged are in the nature of thaman, not necessarily thaman themselves. Hence, even when one of the commodities is processed gold (say, ornaments), such exchange is called bai-sarf. Proponents of the view that currency exchange should be treated in a manner similar to bai-sarf also derive support from writings of eminent Islamic jurists. According to Imam Ibn Taimiya anything that performs the functions of medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value is called thaman, (not necessarily limited to gold amp silver). Similar references are available in the writings of Imam Ghazzali5 As far as the views of Imam Sarakhshi is concerned regarding exchange involving fals, according to them, some additional points need to be taken note of. In the early days of Islam, dinars and dirhams made of gold and silver were mostly used as medium of exchange in all major transactions. Only the minor ones were settled with fals. In other words, fals did not possess the characteristics of money or thamaniyya in full and was hardly used as store of value or unit of account and was more in the nature of commodity. Hence there was no restriction on purchase of the same for gold and silver on a deferred basis. The present day currencies have all the features of thaman and are meant to be thaman only. The exchange involving currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf with difference of jins and hence, deferred settlement would lead to riba al-nasia. Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustrates this possibility with an example6. He writes In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 purchased on credit at spot rate) Thus, sarf can be converted into interest-based borrowing amp lending. 2.1.3 Defining Thamaniyya is the Key It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions. It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. These cannot be said to possess thamaniyya in US unless a US citizen can use Indian rupees as a medium of exchange, or unit of account, or store of value. In most cases such a possibility is remote. This possibility is also a function of the exchange rate mechanism in place, such as, convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars, and whether a fixed or floating exchange rate system is in place. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis (from one end, of course) at a rate different from the spot rate (official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement) would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 purchased on credit at spot rate) This would be so, only if the currency risk is non-existent (exchange rate remains at 1:20), or is borne by the seller of dollars (buyer repays in rupees and not in dollars). If the former is true, then the seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 (at an exchange rate of 1:20). However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller (or the lender) is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1:25, then the seller of dollar would receive only 44 (Rs 1100 converted into dollars) for his investment of 50. Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings (currencies belonging to the same country) at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market (mechanism suggested in the above example), one can also visualize lending through any other organized market (such as, for commodities or stocks.) If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: In a given moment in time when the market price of stock X is Rs 20, if an individual purchases 50 stocks at the rate of Rs 22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 stocks purchased on credit at current price) In this case too as in the earlier example, returns to the seller of stocks may be negative if stock price rises to Rs 25 on the settlement date. Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies. A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk (exchange rate risk), if positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk (exchange rate risk) is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7. Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender. Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract. 2.1.4. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties. Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty (gharar) and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba. We modify and rewrite the same example: In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation in rupees deferred to a future date), and the seller of dollars also hedges his position by entering into a forward contract to sell Rs1100 to be received on the future date at a rate of 1:20, then it is highly probable that he is. in fact, borrowing Rs. 1000 now in lieu of a promise to repay Rs. 1100 on a specified later date. (Since, he can obtain Rs 1000 now, exchanging the 50 dollars purchased on credit at spot rate) The seller of the dollars (lender) receives a predetermined return of ten percent when he converts Rs1100 received on the maturity date into 55 dollars (at an exchange rate of 1:20) for his investment of 50 dollars irrespective of the market rate of exchange prevailing on the date of maturity. Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. For example, the individual in the above example purchases 50 on a spot basis at the rate of 1:20 and simultaneously enters into a forward contract with the same party to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21 after one month. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs1000 now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 (he receives Rs1050 after one month. This is a typical buy-back or repo (repurchase) transaction so common in conventional banking.10 3. The Issue of Freedom from Gharar 3.1 Defining Gharar Gharar, unlike riba, does not have a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable11. Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information (jahl) which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. are not well-defined. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles. Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions.12 An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts.13 Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible. 3.2 Gharar amp Speculation with of Futures amp Forwards Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: 22 after one month. If the amount involved is 50 and A is the buyer of dollars then, the obligations of A and B are to make a payments of Rs1100 and 50 respectively at the end of one month. The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date. Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet.14 There is difference of opinion on whether the prohibition in the said traditions apply to foodstuffs, or perishable commodities or to all objects of sale. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause (illa) of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased. Is this efficient cause (illa) present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries. In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause (illa), that is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today16. Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: 23 on the maturity date, the reverse transaction for individual A would mean selling 50 at the rate of 1:23 to individual B. This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 (the difference between Rs1150 and Rs1100). This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1:21 in which case A would lose Rs50 which is what B would gain. This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses (which theoretically can touch infinity) encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar. 3.3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed to enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. For example, modifying the earlier example, assume that individual A is an exporter from India to US who has already sold some commodities to B, the US importer and anticipates a cashflow of 50 (which at the current market rate of 1:22 mean Rs 1100 to him) after one month. There is a possibility that US dollar may depreciate against Indian rupee during these one month, in which case A would realize less amount of rupees for his 50 ( if the new rate is 1:21, A would realize only Rs1050 ). Hence, A may enter into a forward or future contract to sell 50 at the rate of 1:21.5 at the end of one month (and thereby, realize Rs1075) with any counterparty which, in all probability, would have diametrically opposite expectations regarding future direction of exchange rates. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee (say, to 1:23 which implies that he would have realized Rs1150, and not Rs1075 which he would realize now.) While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party - whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained. It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. As in the above example, exporter A anticipating a cash inflow of 50 after one month and expecting a depreciation of dollar may go for a salam sale of 50 (with his obligation to pay 50 deferred by one month.) Since he is expecting a dollar depreciation, he may agree to sell 50 at the rate of 1: 21.5. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs 1075 for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: 23 during the one month period, then it would receive Rs1150 for Rs 1075 it invested in the purchase of 50. Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation. 4. Summary amp Conclusion Currency markets of today are characterized by volatile exchange rates. This fact should be taken note of in any analysis of the three basic types of contracts in which the basis of distinction is the possibility of deferment of obligations to future. We have attempted an assessment of these forms of contracting in terms of the overwhelming need to eliminate any possibility of riba, minimize gharar, jahl and the possibility of speculation of a kind akin to games of chance. In a volatile market, the participants are exposed to currency risk and Islamic rationality requires that such risk should be minimized in the interest of efficiency if not reduced to zero. It is obvious that spot settlement of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants. At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. If in a simple primitive economy, it was prevention of gharar relating to delivery of the exchanged article, in todays complex financial system and organized exchanges, it is prevention of speculation of kind which is unIslamic and which is possible under excessive gharar involved in forecasting highly volatile exchange rates. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract - speculation or hedging may not ascertainable ( regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market). Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive. The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation is based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. Notes amp References 1. These diverse views are reflected in the papers presented at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991 which were subsequently published in Majalla Fiqh Islami, part 4 by the Academy. The discussion on riba prohibition draws on these views. 2. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1992, p.16 3. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol.4, pp.5-9 4. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 24-25 5. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in 1991. 6. Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in 1991. 7. It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. In a given moment in time when the market rate of exchange between dollar and rupee is 1:20, if an individual purchases 50 at the rate of 1:22 (settlement of his obligation also on a spot basis), then it amounts to the seller of dollars exchanging 50 with 55 on a spot basis (Since, he can obtain Rs 1100 now, exchange them for 55 at spot rate of 1:20) Thus, spot settlement can also be a clear source of riba. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too. The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time (true even in the above case). Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1:20 is fixed during the time interval between the transactions. This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic. 8. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices. 9. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller. 10. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible. 11. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty. 12. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty. Ibn Abbas reported that when Allahs prophet (pbuh) came to Medina, they were paying one and two years advance for fruits, so he said: Those who pay in advance for any thing must do so for a specified weight and for a definite time. It is reported on the authority of Ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) forbade the transaction called habal al-habala whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the off-spring of a she-camel and which was still in its mothers womb. 13. According to a tradition reported by Abu Huraira, Allahs Messenger (pbuh) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the type which involves some uncertainty. The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance. 14. The holy prophet is reported to have said Do not sell what is not with you Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: He who buys foodstuff should not sell it until he has taken possession of it. Ibn Abbas said: I think it applies to all other things as well. 15. The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase. 16. M Hashim Kamali Islamic Commercial Law: An Analysis of Futures, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.13, no.2, 1996 Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar 751 013, India Jika Anda merasa tulisan di atas berguna, luangkan waktu barang 5 menit untuk menyebarkannya. Terima kasih.